Participants in the USAMTS are eligible for various prizes, such as books and software.

With student permission, USAMTS participants' names and addresses are also provided to colleges, universities, and employers for recruitment purposes.

The USAMTS is also one of the ways to enter the process of selecting the USA Mathematical Olympiad team, which participates in the International Mathematical Olympiad. Participants who score well will be invited to participate in the American Invitational Mathematics Examination (AIME), the second step in the process of selecting the USA Mathematical Olympiad team.